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- Today: Textbook Check
- Astro-ph (xxx.lanl.gov)
- WIRO TBA
- Assignment for Friday check
- Longair, Chapter 1 (History)
- Friday we’ll discuss Chapter 2
- Note: This class will meet
W&F, 5440 will be M&W
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- George Gamow (late 1940s) realized that running the expansion backwards
means a hot, dense early universe that was radiation dominated, and
nucleosynthesis was possible.
- With Alpher and Herman, predicted background radiation left over from
this period, which would now have a temperature of about 5 K.
- Penzias and Wilson discover the background radiation in 1965 by
accident, win Nobel prize.
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- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
- T, r both high
enough at start to fuse protons into heavier elements
- T, r both dropping quickly so only
have time enough to fuse a certain amount.
- Simple models of expansion predict 24% abundance He
- 24% is the amount of He observed*
- Abundance of 2H, 3He, 7Li depends on rnormal matter
- Suggests rnormal
matter is only 5% of rcritical
- But we need to also consider “dark matter” and its gravity
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- Look out (and back in time) to place where H became neutral
- Beyond that the high density ionized H forms an opaque
“wall”
- Originally ~3000 K blackbody radiation
- The material that emitted it was moving away from us at extreme speed
- That v produces extreme redshift (z=1000), so photons all appear much
redder, so T appears cooler
- With red shift, get 2.7 K Planck blackbody
- Should be same in all directions
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- First detected by Wilson and Penzias in 1960’s
- Serendipitous detection – thought is was noise in their radio
telescope but couldn’t find cause. Only later heard of theoretical
predictions
- Best spectrum observed by COBE satellite
- Red curve is theoretical prediction
- 43 Observed data points plotted there
error bars so small they are covered by curve.
- it is covered by curve.
- Isotropy also measured by COBE
- T varies by less than 0.01 K across sky
- Small “dipole” anisotropy seen
- Blue = 2.721
Red = 2.729
- Caused by motion of Milky Way falling towards the Virgo supercluster.
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- 10-45 sec Quantum gravity? Physics not understood
- 10-34 sec 1026 K Nuclear strong force/electro
weak force separate
(inflation, matter/antimatter asymmetry)
- 10-7 sec 1014
K Protons, AntiprotonsÛphotons
- 10-4 sec 1012
K Number of protons frozen
- 4 sec
1010 K
Number of electrons frozen
- 2 min Deuterium nuclei
begins to survive
- 3 min 109 K Helium nuclei begin to survive
- 30 min
108 K
T, r too
low for more nuclear reactions
(frozen number of D, He -- critical prediction)
- 300,000 yr 104
K Neutral H atoms begin to survive
(frozen number of photons – critical prediction)
- 1 billion yr Galaxies
begin to form
- 13 billion yr Present time
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- Hubble Expansion
- Black Body Background Radiation
- Light Element Abundances
- Age of oldest stars consistent with Ho age
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- Lots of theory here!
- Jeans (1902), gravitational collapse in a stationary medium, depends on
sound speed and density
- Lifshitz (1946), general case including expanding medium, but collapse
is not typically exponetial and structures grow very slowly – too
slowly! Cannot start with infinitesimal perturbations.
- Zeldovich, Novikov, Peebles (1960s) used finite perturbations (1 part in
10000).
- Main test of all this is the cosmic microwave background radiation,
since fluctations should leave imprints.
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- Thermal history of pregalactic gas can be worked out in detail (and we
will do so!).
- Density fluctuations tied to temperature fluctuations, revealed finally
by COBE, but small. Lots
more details to go into here later in course.
- Two main ideas: top-down vs. bottom-up.
- Need for dark matter (hot or cold) became apparent – normal matter
needs help to collapse into galaxies.
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- Isotropy – the universe looks the same in all directions, again
strictly true on large scales
- Small Baryon/Anti-baryon asymmetry
- Close to critical (Omega = 1) (will be HW)
- Initial fluctuations to seed structure growth
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- Inflation (Guth, others, early 1980s) resolves some of these
properties. Inflation posits
an early exponential expansion of the universe that leaves the curvature
flat (close to omega = 1) and takes regions in causal contact and moves
them far beyond their local horizons (isotropy). May help form the fluctuations
leading to galaxies.
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