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Spiral Galaxies -- Stability
•Stability due to Rotation – large scales
–See Toomre (1964) for details
–Considered axisymmetric perterbations
–Consider small region of size L on a disk with surface density μ (mass then is ~μL2), rotating at Ω, distance d from the center.  Imagine a perturbation that locally increases the surface density.
–Angular momentum conserved, so the angular velocity must also increase, creating a centrifugal force in the rotating frame.  If this force can send the mass back to its original position, system is stable.
–Stability:  L > Lcrit = 2Gμ/3Ω2, so requires large scales.  Order of magnitude, Ω2R = V2/R ~ GμR2/R2 = Gμ, so Lcrit ~ R
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