|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
   
    |  | Parallax only works for nearby stars 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  | Spectroscopic Parallax works somewhat further out 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  |  | Measure spectra and get Spectral Type and Luminosity
    Class 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  |  | From those get Luminosity and then use m-M to find
    distance 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  |  | Limited because need relatively bright stars to get
    high resolution 
 |  | 
   
    |  | spectra 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  | Need another way to find M, then use m-M to get
    distances 
 | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  | Variable stars and the Period-Luminosity
    relationship: 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  |  | Some stars vary in intrinsic brightness with time 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  |  | The larger, more massive,  and brighter stars vary more slowly 
 |  | 
   
    |  | 
   
    |  |  | Like the relative pitch of a large vs. small
    organ pipe 
 |  |