Astro 1050     Mar. 31, 2004
   Today: Continue Chapter 13, Galaxies

Chapter 13: Galaxies
Save additional Hubble Law demos and discussion for Chapter 15 on Cosmology
For now, can simply use as a tool to get distances to galaxies
Evolution of Galaxies
Clusters
Mergers

The Local Group of Galaxies
Galaxies live in clusters
Rich clusters:  thousands of galaxies
Poor clusters:  Fewer than a thousand

The Coma Cluster

Evolution of Galaxies
Galaxies live in clusters
Rich clusters:  thousands of galaxies
Poor clusters:  Few than a thousand
Fundamental difference between stars and galaxies:
Stars live isolated lives:
They are much smaller than distance between them
They virtually never collide
Galaxies are not isolated
They are only slightly smaller than the distances between them
The can (and do) collide, and interact with gas within clusters

Effects of Collisions
Stars pass “through” each other, but orbits around galaxy disrupted
Gas clouds collide
Gas stripped away from stars
Collisions cause bursts of star formation
Ellipticals may be those galaxies which have suffered collisions
Spirals may be those galaxies which have not suffered collisions
Joshua Barnes (Hawaii) and the Space Telescope Science Institute provide a simulations of galaxy mergers.  Barnes website:
 http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/barnes/transform.html
Simulation of the Milky Way and its future merger with the Andromeda galaxy: http://www.npaci.edu/online/v4.9/galaxies2.html

Interacting Galaxies: The Antennae

Interacting Galaxies: Cartwheel

The Hubble Deep Field

Evidence for “Hierarchical” Galaxy Formation from the Hubble Deep Field

What this might look like
Cosmological structure formation via simulations.
This is how galaxies are thought to form from the initial conditions following the big bang (Ch. 15).
Check them out!
http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/Cosmos/TheWorksMovies.html

Chapter 13: Galaxies
Family of Galaxies
Classification
Properties of Galaxies
Distance; The Hubble Law
Size and Luminosity
Mass (including Dark Matter)
Evolution of Galaxies
Clusters
Mergers