|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
   
    | • | Use spectra of stars 
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    |  | 
   
    | • | Ignore broad (“high pressure” 
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    |  | stellar lines 
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    |  | 
   
    | • | Very narrow (low pressure) 
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    |  | lines from interstellar gas 
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    |  | 
   
    |  | – | This one Ca II 
    = Ca+1 
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    |  | 
   
    | • | Stronger in more distant stars 
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    |  | 
   
    | • | Stronger when looking 
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    |  | through interstellar gas clouds 
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    |  | 
   
    | • | Hydrogen hard to measure 
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    |  | 
   
    |  | – | remember Balmer rules 
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