Both the Earth and the Moon will cast
shadows. If the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all lined up, then
the shadow from one can fall on the other.
Because the Earth is ~4 times bigger, it will cast a
shadow 4 times bigger.
Umbra
Portion of shadow where it is completely dark.
(for a person in the shadow, the light bulb would be completely blocked
out)
Penumbra
Portion of shadow where it is only partially dark.
(for a person in the shadow, the light bulb would be partially blocked
out)
(To
remember the names, think of “ultimate” and “penultimate”)